R17 练习: 国际贸易
考纲范围
- describe the benefits and costs of international trade.
- compare types of trade restrictions, such as tariffs, quotas, and export subsidies, and their economic implications.
- explain motivations for and advantages of trading blocs, common markets, and economic unions.
Q1.
Which of the following is not a typical benefit of international trade?
A. To benefit from economies of scale as the local businesses expand their product offerings to new markets.
B. To obtain a greater variety of products available to domestic households and firms.
C. To gain more prominent productivity from less competition and more proficient assignment of assets.
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答案：C
解析：国际贸易的好处包括：规模经济（A正确，企业拓展到新市场可实现规模经济）和更多产品种类（B正确）。C错误：国际贸易带来的是更多竞争（而非更少竞争），通过更多竞争和更有效的资源配置提高生产率。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 拓展新市场实现规模经济是国际贸易的典型好处 B ✓ 更多产品种类是国际贸易的典型好处 C ✗ 应该是”更多竞争”而非”更少竞争”促进生产率提升 关联：R17: 国际贸易
Q2.
Which of the following statements of costs of international trade is most likely correct?
A. People in developing countries lose their jobs as a result of import competition.
B. In the short term less efficient firms may be forced to exit while resources are likely to be more effectively employed in other industries in the long run.
C. Neither is correct.
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答案：B
解析：B正确描述了国际贸易的成本和调整过程：短期内低效企业可能被迫退出（成本），但长期来看资源会更有效地配置到其他产业。A错误：应该是发达国家的人可能因进口竞争失去工作（而非发展中国家）。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 因进口竞争失业的主要是发达国家工人 B ✓ 短期低效企业退出+长期资源更有效配置，正确描述贸易成本和收益 C ✗ B选项是正确的 关联：R17: 国际贸易
Q3.
After a small country carrying out import quota on imported automobiles, which of the following would most likely benefit from such trade protection?
A. Domestic automobile producers.
B. Government.
C. Domestic automobile consumers.
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答案：A
解析：进口配额限制了外国汽车进口量，减少竞争，使国内汽车生产商受益（价格上升、市场份额增加）。B政府不一定受益：进口配额（不同于关税）不直接为政府带来收入，政府收入影响是”Mixed”。C消费者受损：价格上升、选择减少。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 进口配额保护国内生产商，使其受益 B ✗ 进口配额不直接为政府带来收入（不同于关税） C ✗ 消费者因价格上升和选择减少而受损 关联：R17: 国际贸易
Q4.
What are the most likely effects on government revenue of the country implementing the following alternative trade policies?
| Import quota | Voluntary export restraint | Export subsidy | |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Decrease | Mixed | Decrease |
| B | Mixed | No change | Decrease |
| C | Increase | No change | Increase |
A. A
B. B
C. C
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答案：B
解析：
- 进口配额对政府收入的影响是Mixed（取决于配额许可证的分配方式）
- **自愿出口限制（VER）**对进口国政府收入无影响（No change），因为是出口国自愿限制
- 出口补贴导致政府支出增加，政府收入减少（Decrease/Falls）
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 进口配额对政府收入是Mixed而非Decrease B ✓ 进口配额Mixed、VER No change、出口补贴Decrease C ✗ 进口配额不是Increase，出口补贴不是Increase 关联：R17: 国际贸易
Q5.
What is the most likely reaction for a small country if being imposed with a tariff by a large country?
A. Increase the price of goods to recover from the loss
B. Retaliate by similar tariff policies with large country
C. Alter the terms of trade which indicates a redistribution of income
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答案：C
解析：当大国对小国征收关税时，大国可以改变贸易条件（terms of trade），这相当于收入的再分配。小国作为价格接受者，无法通过提价来弥补损失（A错误）。小国也难以通过类似关税报复来对大国产生实质影响（B不太可能有效）。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 小国是价格接受者，无法通过提价弥补损失 B ✗ 小国对大国的关税报复效果有限 C ✓ 大国关税改变贸易条件，导致收入再分配 关联：R17: 国际贸易
Q6.
Due to the serious shortage of domestic labor, country D will adopt the policy of restricting the export of palm oil, natural rubber, and other commodities, while country J’s consumption of palm oil and natural rubber mainly depends on imports from country D. Which of the following statements is most likely to be correct?
A. Palm oil prices in country J will fall.
B. Natural rubber producers in country J will benefit.
C. The national welfare of country J will increase.
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答案：B
解析：D国限制出口棕榈油和天然橡胶→J国进口减少→J国市场上这些商品价格上升（A错误，价格上升而非下降）。J国国内天然橡胶生产商因价格上升而受益（B正确）。J国整体福利下降，因为消费者剩余减少（C错误）。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ D国限制出口→J国供给减少→价格上升 B ✓ J国国内生产商因进口减少、价格上升而受益 C ✗ J国整体福利下降（消费者受损大于生产者受益） 关联：R17: 国际贸易
Q7.
To make easier free-trading, several African countries set up a union and remove trade barriers between them, such as tariff and import quota. At the same time, a common external tariff is imposed on non-members of the union. Which of the following best describes such an organization?
A. Free trade areas (FTA).
B. Customs union.
C. Common market.
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答案：B
解析：关税同盟（Customs union）的特征是：成员国之间消除贸易壁垒+对非成员国实行统一的共同外部关税。自由贸易区（FTA）仅消除成员间贸易壁垒，但各国对非成员保留各自的关税政策。共同市场还允许生产要素自由流动。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ FTA没有共同外部关税，各国对外关税独立 B ✓ 消除内部壁垒+共同外部关税=关税同盟 C ✗ 共同市场还需允许劳动力和资本自由流动 关联：R17: 国际贸易
Q8.
What is the major difference between an economic union and a monetary union?
A. A monetary union allows the free movement of factors of production.
B. An economic union does not adopt a common currency.
C. An economic union members have a common trade policy against non-members.
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答案：B
解析：经济联盟和货币联盟的主要区别：经济联盟在共同市场基础上统一了经济政策，但不一定采用共同货币（B正确）。货币联盟在经济联盟基础上进一步采用共同货币。A描述的是共同市场的特征。C描述的是关税同盟的特征。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 生产要素自由流动是共同市场的特征 B ✓ 经济联盟不采用共同货币，这是与货币联盟的关键区别 C ✗ 共同对外贸易政策是关税同盟以上都有的特征 关联：R17: 国际贸易