R35 练习: 所得税分析
考纲范围
- contrast accounting profit, taxable income, taxes payable, and income tax expense and temporary versus permanent differences between accounting profit and taxable income
- explain how deferred tax liabilities and assets are created and the factors that determine how a company’s deferred tax liabilities and assets should be treated for the purposes of financial analysis
- calculate, interpret, and contrast an issuer’s effective tax rate, statutory tax rate, and cash tax rate
- analyze disclosures relating to deferred tax items and the effective tax rate reconciliation and explain how information included in these disclosures affects a company’s financial statements and financial ratios
Q1.
Which of the following treatments of temporary differences is incorrect?
A. Carrying amount of asset > tax base of asset, result in DTA.
B. Taxable income > accounting income, result in DTA.
C. Carrying amount of liability < tax base of liability, result in DTL.
查看答案与解析
答案：A
解析：
- A 错误：资产账面价值 > 资产计税基础时，未来应税金额更多，产生DTL（递延所得税负债），而非 DTA
- B 正确：应纳税所得额 > 会计利润时，当期多交税，未来少交税，产生 DTA
- C 正确：负债账面价值 < 负债计税基础时，产生 DTL
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 资产 CV > TB 产生 DTL，不是 DTA B ✗ Taxable > Accounting 当期多交税，产生 DTA，正确 C ✗ 负债 CV < TB 产生 DTL，正确 关联：R35: 所得税分析
Q2.
For Gordon Co., the payments received in advance from customers are immediately taxable, but not for accounting purposes until the performance obligation is fulfilled. Which of the following is most likely to be recorded:
A. a deferred tax asset.
B. a deferred tax liability.
C. a permanent difference.
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答案：A
解析：预收款在税法上立即纳税，但会计上要等履行义务后才确认收入。这意味着当期应纳税所得额 > 会计利润（多交了税），未来会计确认收入时不再纳税，产生递延所得税资产（DTA）。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 当期多交税，未来少交税，产生 DTA B ✗ DTL 是当期少交税未来多交税的情况 C ✗ 这是暂时性差异，不是永久性差异 关联：R35: 所得税分析
Q3.
Which of the following items is least likely to be included in the permanent differences?
A. Income or expense items not allowed by tax legislation.
B. Tax credits for some expenditures that directly reduce taxes.
C. Tax loss carry forward.
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答案：C
解析：
- A 属于永久性差异：税法不认可的收入或费用项目永远不会在税务上确认
- B 属于永久性差异：直接减少税款的税收抵免
- C 不属于永久性差异：税收亏损结转（Tax loss carry forward）产生的是递延所得税资产，属于暂时性差异
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 税法不认可的项目属于永久性差异 B ✗ 税收抵免属于永久性差异 C ✓ 税收亏损结转产生 DTA，属于暂时性差异 关联：R35: 所得税分析
Q4.
J&J company acquired a piece of equipment for $200,000 at the start of year 1. The company depreciates the equipment over 5 years with no salvage value on a straight-line basis for financial reporting purposes. However, for tax purposes, the equipment is depreciated over 4 years with no salvage value on a straight-line basis. The tax rate remains at 25% for the initial 3 years but will rise to 30% since year 4. Assume the equipment will generate revenue of $100,000 in each of the following years. At the end of year 3, J&J company’s balance sheet will report:
A. DTL of $7,500 B. DTA of $7,500 C. DTL of $9,000
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答案：C
解析：
计算过程：
年度 会计折旧(5年) 税务折旧(4年) 差异 Year 1 40,000 50,000 -10,000 Year 2 40,000 50,000 -10,000 Year 3 40,000 50,000 -10,000 Year 3 末：
- 会计账面价值 = 200,000 - 40,000×3 = 80,000
- 税务基础 = 200,000 - 50,000×3 = 50,000
- 差异 = 80,000 - 50,000 = 30,000（资产 CV > TB → DTL）
DTL = 30,000 × 30% = $9,000
注意：使用差异预计转回时的税率（Year 4-5 为 30%），而非当期税率 25%。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ $7,500 = 30,000 × 25%，用了当期税率而非转回时税率 B ✗ 这是 DTL 不是 DTA C ✓ DTL = 30,000 × 30% = $9,000 关联：R35: 所得税分析
Q5.
Domino company incurred expenditures of $500,000 for researching and developing a new innovative product this year. If the expenditure is expensed as incurred for the financial report while capitalized for tax purposes, it will result in:
A. a deferred tax liability
B. a deferred tax asset
C. no deferred tax asset or liability
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答案：B
解析：
- 会计上：费用化 → 当期费用 $500,000 → 会计利润较低
- 税务上：资本化 → 当期不抵扣全部，分期摊销 → 应纳税所得额较高
- 应纳税所得额 > 会计利润 → 当期多交税 → 产生 DTA
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ DTL 是当期少交税的情况 B ✓ 当期多交税（税务上资本化不抵扣），产生 DTA C ✗ 存在暂时性差异，会产生递延税 关联：R35: 所得税分析
Q6.
Hurricane company is subject to a 30% tax rate and reported $200,000 for DTA and $100,000 for DTL at the end of this year. If the congress of this country announced a new tax rate of 25%, which would be effective at the beginning of next year, Hurricane company would report:
A. lower DTA, DTL, and tax expenses.
B. lower DTA, DTL but higher tax expenses.
C. higher DTA, DTL, and tax expenses.
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答案：B
解析：税率从 30% 降到 25%：
- DTA 和 DTL 都需要按新税率重新计量，两者都会降低
- DTA 减少的金额 > DTL 减少的金额（因为 DTA 的绝对值更大：200,000 vs 100,000）
- 净影响：DTA 净减少 → 所得税费用增加
DTA 减少 = 200,000 × (30%-25%)/30% = 33,333 DTL 减少 = 100,000 × (30%-25%)/30% = 16,667 净 DTA 减少 = 33,333 - 16,667 = 16,667 → 税费增加
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ DTA/DTL 降低正确，但税费不是降低 B ✓ DTA/DTL 降低，但净DTA减少导致税费增加 C ✗ DTA/DTL 应降低而非升高 关联：R35: 所得税分析
Q7.
Golden AG, based in the US, disclosed the following information for income taxes:
| 年份 | Deferred tax asset | Valuation allowance |
|---|---|---|
| 2019 | $120,000 | $25,000 |
| 2018 | $100,000 | $40,000 |
The change in the valuation allowance most likely indicates that Golden’s:
A. book value of deferred tax assets was reduced in 2019.
B. ability to generate future taxable profits increased.
C. ability to generate future taxable profits decreased.
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答案：B
解析：估值备抵（Valuation allowance）从 $40,000 减少到 $25,000，说明管理层认为未来能够实现更多的 DTA，即公司产生未来应税利润的能力增强了。减少 VA 意味着更多 DTA 被认为可实现。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ DTA 实际从 $100,000 增加到 $120,000，未被减少 B ✓ VA 减少表明管理层对未来盈利能力更乐观 C ✗ VA 减少表示能力增强而非减弱 关联：R35: 所得税分析
Q8.
Which of the following statements is least likely a reason for the differences between the statutory tax rate and the effective tax rate?
A. Differences between tax laws and accounting standards that will not be reversed in the future
B. A multinational corporation with foreign subsidiaries
C. Temporary differences in accounting profit and taxable income
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答案：C
解析：法定税率与有效税率差异的原因包括：
- 永久性差异（A 正确）：税法与会计标准不同且不会转回
- 跨国公司的海外子公司适用不同税率（B 正确）
- 暂时性差异（C）不是导致法定税率与有效税率差异的原因，暂时性差异影响的是递延税
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 永久性差异确实导致两个税率不同 B ✗ 海外子公司不同税率确实导致差异 C ✓ 暂时性差异不导致法定税率与有效税率差异 关联：R35: 所得税分析
Q9.
For a company, a statutory tax rate:
A. is the cash tax paid during the period divided by earnings before tax.
B. is the income tax expense reported on the income statement divided by the taxable income.
C. is the corporate income tax rate where the company is domiciled.
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答案：C
解析：
- 法定税率（Statutory tax rate）= 公司注册地的法定企业所得税税率
- 有效税率（Effective tax rate）= Income tax expense / EBT
- 现金税率（Cash tax rate）= Cash tax paid / EBT
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 这是现金税率（cash tax rate）的定义 B ✗ 这不是标准定义，有效税率 = Tax expense / EBT C ✓ 法定税率是公司注册地的法定所得税税率 关联：R35: 所得税分析
Q10.
Golden Co., reported total earnings before taxes of $17 million, current tax payable of $5 million, and deferred tax liability of $0.7 million this year. Golden’s effective tax rate is closest to:
A. 33.53%
B. 29.41%
C. 4.12%
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答案：A
解析：
计算过程：
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 5,700/17,000 = 33.53% B ✗ 5,000/17,000 = 29.41%，仅用了当期税款 C ✗ 700/17,000 = 4.12%，仅用了DTL变化 关联：R35: 所得税分析
Q11.
Golden Co., reported total earnings before taxes of $10 million, current tax provision of $2 million, and deferred tax expense of $0.5 million this year. Golden’s cash tax rate is closest to:
A. 20%
B. 25%
C. 5%
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答案：A
解析：
计算过程：
现金税率仅使用实际支付的税款（current tax provision），不包括递延税费用。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 2,000/10,000 = 20% B ✗ 25% = (2,000+500)/10,000，这是有效税率 C ✗ 5% = 500/10,000，仅用了递延税 关联：R35: 所得税分析
Q12.
When an analyst is classifying a company’s deferred tax liability, which of the following is the least correct?
A. The deferred tax liability should be classified as debt if it is expected to be reversed.
B. If the deferred tax liability is not expected to reverse, it should be treated as equity.
C. The deferred tax liability should be excluded from both debt and equity, as an independent item.
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答案：C
解析：分析师在分类 DTL 时：
- 如果 DTL 预计将转回 → 分类为负债（debt）（A 正确）
- 如果 DTL 不预计转回 → 分类为权益（equity）（B 正确）
- DTL 不应被排除在负债和权益之外作为独立项目（C 错误）
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 预计转回的 DTL 归为负债，正确 B ✗ 不预计转回的 DTL 归为权益，正确 C ✓ DTL 不应排除在负债和权益之外 关联：R35: 所得税分析